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01
引言
城市快节奏的生活导致亚健康状态在年轻人，尤其是大学生群体中愈发凸显。绿地作为一种自然环境，在休闲娱乐和生态保健等方面具有广泛的健康效益。而植物作为绿地中最重要的组成部分，能够有效促进人体健康。月季花具有丰富的花色和迷人的花香，其挥发物成分具有较高的康养价值，是芳香疗法和医疗保健的重要资源。因此，充分探究月季景观对人体的健康干预效果及差异，对于健康人居环境的营造意义重大。
月季景观
02 文献综述
景观感知 感知是人与环境交互的基础，而景观的体验则是通过多感官协调作用来实现的。植物作为人与自然环境接触的重要媒介，能提供丰富的感官刺激。视觉感知是人体最主要的感知方式之一。相较于视觉，嗅觉感知往往被忽视。然而，嗅觉感知神经与大脑中枢神经直接相连，能更直接地对情绪、认知和行为产生影响。此外，不同的感官之间可能产生交互作用，进而影响景观感知。值得注意的是，人的感知还会影响景观偏好，以及对满意度和舒适度的评价。尽管已有少数研究关注到视觉和嗅觉刺激组合对身心健康的影响，但从多感官交互角度探究植物景观对身心健康影响的研究仍较少。
植物景观与身心健康 脑电波、血压、心率变异性等生理评估，以及情绪状态量表（POMS）等心理评估工具常被用于探索植物景观与人体身心健康之间的关联。
月季景观 月季属蔷薇科，是多年生的常绿或落叶灌木，其花色、花型多样，花期长，花香馥郁，是中国传统十大名花之一，已广泛应用于城市绿化和家庭园艺。月季的生长形态主要分为灌木型、树状型和攀援藤本型。多数研究主要关注月季所具备的环境韧性和观赏性。然而，目前月季的丰富花色和香气所具备的疗愈效益尚未得到充分挖掘。
杭州花圃树状月季
大关公园月季花廊
综上，本研究提出以下问题：1）视嗅感知下的月季景观能否对人体产生恢复性效益？2）哪种视觉和嗅觉因素的恢复性效益更为突出？3）视嗅感知之间是否存在交互作用？若有，哪种模式最具健康效益？
03 研究材料和方法
前期调研 从月季景观的代表性出发，本研究选择了杭州花圃莳花广场月季园、白马湖公园月季园、大关公园，以及位于宁波市的宁波植物园月季园作为研究样地。研究在各样地发放问卷并进行半结构访谈。问卷发放时间为2023年4月22～23日，每个场地发放20份，共计80份。受访者包括大学生、上班族、退休人员等，年龄区间为18～65岁，其中男性32名、女性48名。
由问卷调查结果可知，月季景观中的花色和香型是最主要的视嗅感知因素，因此本研究将色系和香型分别作为视觉和嗅觉变量。根据实地调研结果，本研究发现视觉变量包括白色系、橙色系、粉色系、红色系、黄色系和蓝紫色系。问卷调查后开展的半结构访谈结果表明，受访者能明确识别出玫瑰香型和果香型，因此嗅觉变量为玫瑰香型和果香型。
月季景观的视嗅特征感知问卷调查结果图
实验材料采集和处理 研究团队于2023年4月25～30日（月季盛花期）前往样地，选择天气晴朗的上午10:00～11:00以及下午1:00～2:00，使用Sony A6000相机拍摄不同色系的月季景观，保证拍摄高度距离地面1.60m左右（此高度基本符合人的视觉习惯）。每个色系均包含灌木、树状和攀援藤本三种生长形态。根据拍摄而得的真实月季景观色彩，使用ColorImpact和Photoshop软件进行图像处理，确保每种色系下不同生长形态月季的色彩基本一致、每种色系的色彩比例相当。经过上述处理，得到6个色系共18张模拟月季景观图片作为视觉刺激变量。
而后，选择墨红月季（Rosa ‘Crimson Glory’）作为玫瑰香型材料，选择黄金庆典月季（Rosa ‘Golden Celebration’）作为果香型材料。月季气味的来源主要存在于花瓣和花粉中，因此研究选取新鲜花瓣作为嗅源材料。为确保气味浓度更接近实际环境中闻到的气味，将新鲜花瓣置于容量为500ml的不透明无味圆柱形聚乙烯（PE）封闭容器中保存。设置50g作为嗅觉浓度。为保证实验中植物气味的准确性，在实验开始前0.5~1小时内采集月季花瓣，且确保两种香型花瓣重量一致。
实验地点与时间 实验在浙江农林大学东湖校区的工程实验室中进行，过程中规避噪声和光线差异等因素的影响。实验于2023年5月10～24日进行，具体时段为上午8:30～11:30、下午1:30～4:30，以及晚间6:30～9:30。室内温度和湿度分别保持在26℃、55%左右。 受试者 通过校园海报招募大学生志愿者共240名。受试者年龄为18~25岁，体重指数、嗅觉和视力均在正常范围内，且最近半年内未服用任何激素药物。所有受试者被要求在实验前24小时保持充足睡眠、不摄入烟酒和咖啡，并均签署知情同意书。
实验流程 相关研究表明，接触自然环境3～5分钟可以得到较好的恢复效果。本实验分为前测施压和后测恢复两个阶段，时长各3分钟，实验总时长为20分钟。240名受试者被随机分配到12个交互组中，每组20人。实验开始前，受试者在工作人员的帮助下佩戴用于采集脑电数据的EMOTIV EPOC-X设备，静坐5分钟后开始实验。首先进行计算题施压任务，同时采集脑波数据；前测结束后，受试者填写POMS量表以评估情绪状态。在后测恢复阶段，受试者观看显示屏上播放的月季图片，同时嗅闻不透明盒子中的月季材料，采集脑波数据。实验结束后，受试者填写POMS量表。 实验流程
生理和心理数据采集 本研究采用EMOTIV EPOC-X设备收集的脑电信号进行生理指标分析。设备的14个电极覆盖4个大脑区域：顶叶区、枕叶区、额叶区和颞叶区。不同的脑电波段反映特定的状态，本研究采用β/α指标评估压力水平，θ/β指标评估注意力水平。
本研究采用祝蓓里修订的简式POMS量表。采用五级评分法（1～5分别表示“非常少”“较少”“适中”“较多”“非常多”）对40种感受进行打分。最后，这些情绪状态将被进一步组合为3项指标，即积极情绪分值、消极情绪分值和情绪纷乱总值。
统计分析 使用SPSS26.0软件进行数据分析。首先，采用配对样本t检验分析施压阶段和恢复阶段的β/α和θ/β指标，以及POMS量表显示的情绪状态变化情况。再对生理和心理指标进行协方差分析，分析视觉变量和嗅觉变量的主效应。对存在显著交互效应的视嗅变量进一步进行简单效应分析。
04 研究结果
视嗅感知的生理恢复效益 配对样本t检验分析结果显示，在恢复阶段，受试者受到月季景观的刺激后，β/α和θ/β指标较施压阶段均显著下降，表明受试者压力状态明显改善，同时注意力水平显著提升。
β/α 和θ/β 指标的配对样本t 检验结果
压力相关指标 四个脑区β/α指标的协方差分析结果显示，色系在颞叶区的主效应不显著，但在顶叶区、枕叶区和额叶区存在显著的主效应。具体而言，白、蓝紫等色系对压力的缓解作用更佳。然而，香型仅在顶叶区的主效应显著且果香型对于大脑压力缓解的效果更好。此外在压力指标上，色系和香型不存在显著相互作用。 β/α 指标的主效应分析结果
注意力相关指标 θ/β指标的协方差分析结果显示，香型在四个脑区的主效应均不显著，但色系在四个脑区均存在显著的主效应，且两者在枕叶区和颞叶区的交互效应显著。有关色系的主效应结果显示，红色系月季对于注意力的恢复效果最佳。对枕叶区和颞叶区存在显著交互效应的色系和香型进行简单效应分析，结果显示：黄、橙色系和果香型、红色系和玫瑰香型的组合对于注意力的恢复效果更好。
θ/β 指标的主效应分析结果
视嗅感知的心理恢复效益 施压和恢复阶段POMS指标的配对t检验结果显示，紧张、愤怒、疲劳、抑郁、精力、恐慌、自尊，以及积极情绪分值、消极情绪分值和情绪纷乱总值在实验前后存在显著变化。在恢复阶段，经月季景观视嗅刺激后，受试者的积极情绪显著提升。
POMS情绪指标的配对样本t检验结果 对不同视嗅交互组的POMS情绪指标进行协方差分析，主效应分析结果表明玫瑰香型和果香型在三个情绪指标上均无显著差异。在自尊和精力两种积极情绪中，色系的主效应显著，且色系和香型存在显著的交互效应。蓝紫色系诱导了较低的积极情绪分值，红色系和黄色系诱导了较高的积极情绪分值。
POMS情绪指标的主效应分析结果
POMS情绪指标的简单效应分析结果 综上，不同色系和香型及其交互对受试者的压力、注意力及情绪等身心健康指标皆产生了不同程度的干预效果。
05 结论与讨论
本研究基于视嗅感知视角，探讨了受试者在体验不同色系和香型组合的月季景观后的恢复性效益及其差异。研究结果可为未来如何通过合理搭配月季的色彩和香气以最大化植物景观的健康效益提供科学依据。结果表明，不同色系和香型组合在缓解压力、恢复注意力和改善情绪状态方面有显著差异。
基于上述结论，建议在月季景观的规划设计中充分考虑视觉和嗅觉的感知体验，因地制宜地根据具体的健康需求进行针对性规划，最大程度发挥月季景观的疗愈价值。结合主效应和交互效应的分析结果及月季景观的实际应用场景，建议在休憩区、冥想区等需要轻松、安静、舒适氛围的环境中，增加白色系、蓝紫色系和果香型月季的种植比例，合理配置黄色系－果香型的月季，营造有助于缓解压力、舒缓情绪的花廊、廊架和拱门景观；或通过片植、群植的方式打造月季步道，布置座椅以供冥想和放松活动。在需要集中注意力、提升活力和创造力的空间中，建议以红色系和黄色系月季为主，合理搭配玫瑰香型和果香型的品种，打造花坛、花境等景观形式；或将树状月季列植形成夹道，构建汇聚香气的植物屏障，充分发挥月季景观促进注意力提升和唤醒情绪的效益。另外，建议在这些景观空间中增加喷泉等动态水景，利用水的蒸发作用扩散香气，使其弥散至更广的空间，从而增强芳香疗愈效果。
宁波植物园月季园
06 不足与展望
本研究仍存在许多不足与局限。首先，在实验设计上，为了更好地控制变量，本研究采用了景观图片结合新鲜花材的模拟场景，后续研究可考虑采用虚拟现实技术，以创建更为逼真的景观体验。其次，本研究缺乏对更多年龄层群体的对比研究。未来研究应针对不同年龄、教育水平、生活文化背景的人群，使研究结果更具普适性。此外，有研究指出，视觉和嗅觉在刺激早期的作用强度存在差异：视觉占主导地位，而嗅觉的干预效应较弱；随着刺激时间的延长，嗅觉的作用逐渐增强。本研究仅考察了施压和恢复阶段各自的即时效应，而未探讨恢复效应的持续性或长时间的恢复过程，这一局限性有待未来研究进一步解决。最后，本研究仅观察了盛花期月季的即时效应。鉴于月季在不同生长阶段的花型、花色和香气成分存在差异，未来研究应关注其在不同生长周期内的长期恢复性效益，并对其中介效应和交互机制进行更深入的研究，以获得更广泛适用的结论。
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